One British foreign secretary, Lord Granville, said that whenever he felt uncertain, he liked to wait and see what the next issue of The Economist had to say.
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Coins — January Random Post. The more data Tesla gathers from its self-driving cars, the better it can make them at driving themselves —part of the reason the firm, which sold only 25, cars in the first quarter, is now worth more than GM, which sold 2.
Vast pools of data can thus act as protective moats. Access to data also protects companies from rivals in another way. The case for being sanguine about competition in the tech industry rests on the potential for incumbents to be blindsided by a startup in a garage or an unexpected technological shift. But both are less likely in the data age. They own app stores and operating systems, and rent out computing power to startups.
They can see when a new product or service gains traction, allowing them to copy it or simply buy the upstart before it becomes too great a threat. By providing barriers to entry and early-warning systems, data can stifle competition. Who ya gonna call, trustbusters? The nature of data makes the antitrust remedies of the past less useful. Breaking up a firm like Google into five Googlets would not stop network effects from reasserting themselves: in time, one of them would become dominant again.
A radical rethink is required—and as the outlines of a new approach start to become apparent, two ideas stand out. The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial era into the 21st century. When considering a merger, for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to intervene. The purchase price could also be a signal that an incumbent is buying a nascent threat.
The second principle is to loosen the grip that providers of online services have over data and give more control to those who supply them. More transparency would help: companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could encourage the emergence of new services by opening up more of their own data vaults or managing crucial parts of the data economy as public infrastructure, as India does with its digital-identity system, Aadhaar.
Rebooting antitrust for the information age will not be easy.
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