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Read more. About Hanna Instruments. About Hanna Instruments Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic disorders; elevations may not occur until 24 to 36 hours after the onset of illness and may remain elevated for up to 14 days. Serum protein reflects the total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma. Protein regulates osmotic pressure and is necessary for the formation of many hormones, enzymes, and antibodies; it is a major source of building material for blood, skin, hair , nails, and internal organs.
Decreased in conditions such as burns, cirrhosis, edema, and severe hepatic disease. Lipid assessment or lipid profile includes total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein HDL , low-density lipoprotein LDL , and triglycerides. Serum enzymes and cardiac markers are released into the circulation normally following a myocardial injury as seen in acute myocardial infarction MI or other conditions such as heart failure.
Creatine kinase CK is an enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell trauma. The CK level begins to rise within 6 hours of muscle damage, peaks at 18 hours, and returns to normal in 2 to 3 days. The test for CK is performed to detect myocardial or skeletal muscle damage or central nervous system damage.
Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein that is found in striated cardiac and skeletal muscle, releases oxygen at very low tensions. Any injury to skeletal muscle will cause a release of myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobin rise in hours after an MI making it an early marker for determining cardiac damage.
Troponin is a regulatory protein found in striated muscle myocardial and skeletal. Increased amounts of troponin are released into the bloodstream when an infarction causes damage to the myocardium.
Troponin levels are elevated as early as 3 hours after MI. Troponin I levels may remain elevated for 7 to 10 days and Troponin T levels may remain elevated for as long as 10 to 14 days.
Serial measurements are important to compare with a baseline test; elevations are clinically significant in the diagnosis of cardiac pathology.
Natriuretic peptides are neuroendocrine peptides that are used to identify clients with heart failure. There are three major peptides:. BNP is the primary marker for identifying heart failure as the cause of dyspnea.
The higher the BNP level, the more severe the heart failure. If the BNP level is elevated, dyspnea is due to heart failure; if it is normal, the dyspnea is due to a pulmonary problem. The following laboratory tests are used to diagnose human immunodeficiency virus HIV , which is the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS.
Thyroid studies are performed if a thyroid disorder is suspected. Common laboratory blood tests such as thyroxine, TSH, T4, and T3 are done to evaluate thyroid function. Thyroid studies help differentiate primary thyroid disease from secondary causes and from abnormalities in thyroxine-binding globulin levels. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies test may be done to identify the presence of autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland.
Serological tests for specific hepatitis virus markers assist in determining the specific type of hepatitis. Tests for hepatitis include radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA , and microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Monitoring the therapeutic levels of certain medications is often conducted when the patient is taking medications with a narrow therapeutic range where a slight imbalance could be critical.
Drug monitoring includes drawing blood samples for peak and trough levels to determine if blood serum levels of a specific drug are at a therapeutic level and not a subtherapeutic or toxic level.
The peak level indicates the highest concentration of the drug in the blood serum while the trough level represents the lowest concentration. The following are the normal therapeutic serum medication levels:. A phlebotomist or a nurse with training and certification in collecting a blood sample are allowed to perform venipuncture for the purpose of blood specimen collection. These are the steps to follow in obtaining a blood sample:.
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Paul Martin is a registered nurse with a bachelor of science in nursing since Having worked as a medical-surgical nurse for five years, he handled different kinds of patients and learned how to provide individualized care to them. Now, his experiences working in the hospital is carried over to his writings to help aspiring students achieve their goals. He is currently working as a nursing instructor and have a particular interest in nursing management, emergency care, critical care, infection control, and public health.
As a writer at Nurseslabs, his goal is to impart his clinical knowledge and skills to students and nurses helping them become the best version of themselves and ultimately make an impact in uplifting the nursing profession.
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